Overview of the FHE track: When will the end of Web3 privacy data come?
Written by Peng Sun, Foresight News
This market is full of contradictions. The privacy track is disappointing, but data privacy as an ideology is full of hope. Privacy is the eternal dream of the crypto world.
Cryptography isBlockchainWhen we first learned about homomorphic encryption (HE), we were still discussing whether ZK could be applied inBlockchainBut now it has reached the stage of how to use ZK and when to use HE.
For many people, cryptography technology is too far away from us, and the professional barriers are too high for retail investors to participate. AI + Crypto’s outbreak, the author noticed that some European and American VCs began to pay attention to the FHE track. Until May 5 this year, Vitalik Buterin re-shared the old article “Exploring Fully Homomorphic Encryption” and said, “Recently, many people are interested in FHE". At the same time, podcasts and FHE competition platforms focusing on FHE have also been born recently.
So, what is FHE hidden in the ivory tower? What are the application scenarios? Why is it so favored by investors? Today, Foresight News takes stock of 25 projects in the FHE track, covering infrastructure, public chains, DePIN networks,AI, games, DeFi and other fields.
What is FHE (Fully Homomorphic Encryption)?
Homomorphic encryption (HE) was first proposed in 1978 to solve the problem of processing data without touching the data. However, until 2009, homomorphic encryption technology had made slow progress, with only semi-homomorphic encryption (PHE) for single addition or multiplication operations. In 2009, Craig Gentry published a 200-page paper on the topic. A Fully Homomorphic Encryption SchemeThe first homomorphic operation mechanism that supports any number of additions and multiplications, namely fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), was proposed, achieving a leap in FHE technology.
We say that ZKP is the holy grail of cryptography, but FHE is also the holy grail of cryptography, and its vision is even greater. The difference between ZKP and FHE is that ZKP can prove the authenticity and reliability of data to the other party without revealing the real data. L2 It also plays a very important role in reducing costs.
What FHE wants to do is "computable but invisible". Traditional cryptographic algorithms need to decrypt ciphertext before calculating it, and then calculate the decrypted plaintext, and cannot process ciphertext. But FHE does not need this. It can directly calculate the encrypted data (ciphertext), and its calculation result is consistent with the plaintext calculation result. For example, we put a black box (encryption) on data A. When we send this black box to the recipient, there is no need to take out the black box. The recipient can directly calculate on the black box. No content about data A will be leaked during the calculation process, and the privacy calculation of the data is completely completed.
FHE has a wide range of application scenarios, not just Web3 andBlockchainIt targets any privacy data in the entire Internet system, whether it is advertising, personalized recommendations,AI, games, on-chain transactions, MEV protection, block space auctions, on-chain voting, anti-WitchAttack, machine learning, medical, finance, natural language processing, etc. Of course, the reason why FHE has not been applied is that it is more computationally intensive and more complex. Currently, FHE calculations are 4 to 5 orders of magnitude slower than plaintext calculations (10,000 to 100,000 times).
At the same time, although FHE protects data privacy, it cannot guarantee the authenticity of calculations, so it can be combined with ZKP. In the past few years, ZKP and FHE have been difficult to integrate technically, and FHE has extremely high requirements for calculations.BlockchainHowever, FHE technology has made great progress in recent years, and we have also seen the possibility of combining ZK with FHE. With the application of hardware acceleration in the field of ZKP, the emergence of DePIN has also brought possibilities to the computing power network. In summary, the prospects and imagination of FHE are not inferior to ZKP at all.
Acceleration Hardware
Because the number of polynomials in the FHE calculation process is too large, and the CPU obviously cannot handle this process efficiently, we still need GPU, FPGA, and ASIC for hardware acceleration. Lattica AI has tested the GPU acceleration and CUDA implementation of the FHE solution. If the GPU can also achieve this, then FHE acceleration will be completely decentralized. But in any case, FPGA and ASIC are the final choices for acceleration.
Ingonyama
When it comes to ZKP, FHE and hardware acceleration, we can never do without the strongest players in this field. IngonyamaThis is a semiconductor company, which was founded by the 8200 elite unit of the IDF intelligence unit.Xiaobai NavigationShlomovits, a British Army graduate and serial entrepreneur, founded the company in 2022. The company's first chip is a programmable parallel computing processor similar to a GPU, but designed to accelerate advanced cryptography, especiallyZero knowledge proofAlthough Ingonyama is currently focusing on ZKP, ZKP and FHE share some computational similarities, so it is not surprising that Ingonyama will accelerate FHE in the future.
Recently, ZKP hardware acceleration company Accseal and Ingonyama have reached a strategic partnership, and their products Leo and ICICLE v3 will be integrated. Accseal has previously developed ZK ASIC chips, and its cooperation with Ingonyama will significantly reduce the computing power cost of users and improve computing performance.
In November 2023, Ingonyama completed a $20 million seed round of financing, led by Walden Catalyst, with participation from Geometry, BlueYard Capital, Samsung Next, Sentinel Global and StarkWare. In January 2024, Ingonyama completed a $21 million seed round of financing, led by IOSG Ventures, Geometry and Walden Catalyst Ventures.
Cysic
CysicIt is a hardware acceleration company, currently positioned as a real-time ZK proof generation and verification layer, providing ZK Compute as a Service (ZK-CaaS) based on self-developed ASIC, FPGA, and GPU chips. Cysic has developed its own FPGA hardware and will launch ZK DePIN chips/devices ZK Air and ZK Pro to build the DePIN network Prover Network.
According to Cysic co-founder Leo Fan, ZK and FHE have many common modules, and much of Cysic's current work can be reused in the FHE field. At the same time, Leo has also contributed some content to the FHE research written by Taiko and HashKey Capital, and has published a paper on FHE. It is conceivable that Cysic will also become an FHE hardware accelerator in the future.
In February 2023, Cysic completed a $6 million seed round of financing, led by Polychain Capital, with participation from HashKey, SNZ Holding, ABCDE, A&T Capital and Web3.com Foundation.
* Recommended reading:When ZKP meets DePIN, how does Cysic bring PoW back to Ethereum?》
Chain Reaction
Chain ReactionIt is a blockchain chip startup that began mass production of its blockchain chip Electrum in the first quarter of this year. The chip is designed to quickly and efficiently perform blockchain operations called "hashing" and can also be used for mining digital currencies such as Bitcoin. In addition, it plans to launch an FHE chip by the end of 2024, allowing users to process data while encrypting it.
In February 2023, Chain Reaction completed a US$70 million financing round led by Morgan Creek Digital. The funds will be used to expand its engineering team, and the total financing amount has reached US$115 million.
Optalysys
OptalysysIt is a dedicated hardware acceleration platform for FHE. It is building hardware that can realize FHE on a large scale through optical computing. It has launched an accelerator program, including simulators, software and hardware. Optalysys provides acceleration for all confidential computing solutions for intensive calculations common to all FHE schemes. Optalysys' current product is the hybrid photonic chip Optalysys Etile, which combines digital interfaces with silicon photonic technology and integrates with traditional digital electronic devices in multi-chip modules. The core is the photonic circuit.
infrastructure
Zama
ZamaZama is an open source cryptography company that builds FHE solutions for blockchain and AI. Zama was co-founded in early 2020 by Hindi and Pascal Paillier, a well-known cryptographer and one of the inventors of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) technology.
As a service provider, Zama provides FHE solutions for Web3 projects, such as TFHE-re library, TFHE compiler Concrete, privacy-preserving machine learning Concrete ML, confidential intelligencecontract fhEVM. Zama focuses on TFHE (Threshold Homomorphic Encryption). Its TFHE-re is a pure Rust implementation for Boolean and integer calculations on encrypted data. Developers and researchers can have fine-grained control over TFHE to focus on advanced functions. fhEVM can integrate TFHE-re into EVM and use homomorphic operations as precompiledcontract公开，使开发者能够在合约中使用加密数据，无需对编译工具进行任何修改。
On March 7, 2024, Zama completed a US$73 million Series A financing round, led by Multicoin Capital and Protocol Labs, with participation from Metaplanet, Blockchange Ventures, Vsquared Ventures, Stake Capital, Filecoin founder Juan Benet, Solana co-founder Anatoly Yakovenko, and Ethereum co-founder and Polkadot co-founder Gavin Wood. The funds raised will be used to continue research and development of its FHE tools.
PADO
PADOIt is a decentralized computing network based on zkFHE. The ultimate goal is to develop a multifunctional zkFHE algorithm that can support ML applications and even more extensive VM functions. The application scenarios are more extensive. In the future, any computing power can be connected to the network as a node and provide services. Currently, PADO Labs is building the PADO extension, PADO developer toolkit and node SDK basic components. The PADO extension is a one-stop portal where users can generate data proofs for various platforms.
The most important technical implementation of PADO is to combine zk-SNARK with FHE to ensure the authenticity and verifiability of privacy data calculations. At the same time, PADA also combines MPC, IZK (InteractiveZero knowledge proof) combined with zkFHE. According to the PADO technology roadmap, its main focus in the short term is to enhance the specific functions of the (F)HE scheme and launch customized products for applications that support zkFHE. The current main work is also to prioritize the optimization of the FHE algorithm and integrate ZK components to ensure verifiability. PADO's early HE scheme supports linear operations, which can reduce the ZK proof time of proving ciphertext and additive homomorphic operations to about 0.7 seconds, and can be reduced to less than 0.1 seconds in the future. Compared with Zama's scheme, PADO can reduce the calculation time on homomorphic comparison operations by half. PADO will also expand support for larger plaintext spaces, such as u8/u16/u32, which can improve performance by at least 2 times compared to Zama. The performance of general zkFHE can also be improved by 3 to 5 times with the help of Zama. In terms of development language, PADO also supports common languages such as Python and Rust.
Specifically at the application level, PADO's current main focus is on scenarios related to data sharing within the AO and Arweave ecosystems. In April this year, PADO and AO jointly launched Verifiable Confidential Computing VCC, which will be built on AO. PADO will gradually build decentralized computer units based on AO and will use the Arweave blockchain as a privacy data storage layer. Users can encrypt their own data through PADO's zkFHE technology andSafetyThe AO computing unit will send the computing task to the zkFHE computing node. After these computing nodes retrieve the user's ciphertext data on Arweave, they will complete the corresponding fully homomorphic computing and computing integrity proof according to the requirements of the computing request.
In 2023, PADO completed a US$3 million seed round of financing.
Sunscreen
Sunscreenis a privacy startup that aims to enable engineers to use cryptographic technologies such as FHE so that they can easily build and deploy private applications. Sunscreen has open-sourced its own FHE compiler, a Web3 native compiler that converts ordinary Rust functions into privacy-enabled FHE equivalents, providing some of the best performance for arithmetic operations (such as DeFi) without the need for hardware acceleration. The FHE compiler also supports the BFV FHE scheme. Sunscreen is also building a ZKP compiler compatible with the FHE compiler, which combines with FHE to ensure computational integrity, but currently proves that homomorphic operations are generally slow. At the same time, Sunscreen is also looking for a decentralized storage system for storing FHE ciphertexts.
In terms of the specific roadmap planning, Sunscreen will first support private transactions in the test network, then support predetermined private programs, and finally allow developers to use its FHE and ZKP compilers to write arbitrary private programs.
In July 2022, the privacy startup Sunscreen completed a $4.65 million seed round of financing, led by Polychain Capital, with participation from Northzone, Coinbase Ventures, dao5, and individual investors including Naval Ravikan and Entropy founder Tux Pacific. Sunscreen was founded by Ravital Solomon and MacLane Wilkison, co-founder of the privacy network NuCypher, to facilitate engineers to build applications based on fully homomorphic encryption. Previously, Sunscreen received $570,000 in Pre-Seed rounds of financing.
SherLOCKED
SherLOCKEDIt is an EVM blockchain privacy support infrastructure based on FHE. Developers can use it to write custom smart contracts that can operate on encrypted data on the blockchain. Simply put, it can encrypt public transaction data on the chain, and no one can view it because the data on the blockchain will appear in encrypted form.
There is such a formula: ZK + MPC + FHE = SherLOCKED, which specifically consists of three components, including SherLOCKED SDK, node network, and zkVM computing infrastructure. When a user sends a transaction to a smart contract, before calling the on-chain function, the node network first uses MPC to encrypt the data and passes the encrypted data to the SDK. Secondly, the SDK calls the smart contract function with the encrypted data as a parameter, and the smart contract operates on the encrypted data (ciphertext). Third, the calculation of encrypted data consumes a lot of Gas, so SherLOCKED outsources it to the zkVM-based RISC Zero proof computer (Bonsai), which performs the calculation and provides ZK proof. Finally, the proof is verified by the on-chain relay and verifier. SherLOCKED can be deployed on any EVM network.
SherLOCKED was built by Rize Labs co-founder Nitanshu when he participated in the ETHOnline hackathon held by ETHGlobal in October 2023 and was shortlisted for the finals. Currently, SherLOCKED's code base on GitHub has not been updated for 7 months.
Fair Math
Fair MathIt is an open source andCommunityIn April 2024, Fair Math released the "Collaborative FHE-(E)VM Manifesto", attempting to design FHE-(E)VM in a modular way, which allows different versions of FHE-(E)VM to coexist at the same time, using the specification version as a standard reference for developing applications that support FHE.
The declaration also proposes to build a FHERMA competition platform, an FHE challenge platform developed in cooperation with OpenFHE, dedicated to educating and inspiring the development of FHE through uniquely structured competitions. According to its plan, the platform will launch more than 25 FHE challenges in 2024. Poly Circuit is an application-layer FHE component library built through the FHERMA competition. Once the winner of the challenge is determined, its solution will be added to the repository through PR. OpenFHE-rs is a joint project of Fair Math and OpenFHE. It is the most comprehensive FHE Rust library in its FHE component library and can be used by Rust developers.
In February 2024, Fair Math completed a $1.4 million pre-seed round of financing, led by gumi Cryptos Capital, Inception Capital, and Polymorphic Capital, to promote the adoption of FHE.
AntChain
AntChain TrustBaseIt is based on the open source technology system of Ant Chain, including the WAN consensus algorithm.Zero knowledge proof, fully homomorphic encryption, etc.
Public chain
Fhenix
FhenixAn Ethereum powered by FHE Rollups and FHE Coprocessors L2, fully compatible with EVM, fully supports Solidity, and can run FHE-based smart contracts with on-chain confidential computing. Fhenix does not use zkFHE, but uses Optimistic Rollup instead of ZK Rollup. It uses Zama's FHE, provides on-chain confidentiality through fhEVM, and focuses on TFHE (Threshold FHE).
On April 2, 2024, Fhenix announced that it will work with EigenLayer to develop an FHE coprocessor, hoping to introduce FHE into smart contracts. The so-called "FHE coprocessor" focuses on computing encrypted data without decrypting the information first, without the need for Ethereum,L2 FHE computing tasks will not be processed on L3 or L7, but by designated processors. The FHE coprocessor will be protected by Fhenix's FHE Rollup and EigenLayer staking mechanisms. According to the roadmap, Fhenix plans to launch the mainnet in January 2025.
In September 2023, Fhenix completed a $7 million seed round of financing, led by Sora Ventures, Multicoin Capital and Collider Ventures, with participation from Node Capital, Bankless, HackVC, TaneLabs and Metaplanet. In early 2024, Fhenix will release a public testnet and support ecosystem application development.
Inco
Inco NetworkIt is a Web3 universal privacy protection layer and modular confidential computing L1 blockchain, providing privacy protection for on-chain applications. It combines Ethereum EVM with FHE and is protected by Ethereum through EigenLayer, allowing programs to operate and calculate encrypted data without decryption, without the use of TEE, circuits, off-chain storage or coprocessors, everything is done on the chain with on-chain native randomness. Inco also launched the Gentry testnet to solve the privacy protection problem of Web3. Inco can support applications such as games, DeFi (including dark pools, private lending and blind auctions, etc.), enterprise solutions (such as confidential stablecoins, private RWA and private voting, etc.).
In April 2024, Inco and EigenLayer verification service project Ethos will not only share the economicSafety, on Ethereum DApp Inco’s confidential computing is also available; Inco is also working with the modular interoperability protocol Hyperlane to extend private data storage and computing to the modular blockchain ecosystem.
Inco has established a strategic partnership with Zama in protocol development, and its fhEVM also adopts Zama's TFHE solution. Inco's fhEVM is compatible with Ethereum toolsets (Remix, Hardhat, Metamask, etc.) and Solidity language. Other advisors to Inco include Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal and Canonical GP and Lightspeed Ventures investment partner Anand Iyer.
In February 2024, Inco Network completed a $4.5 million seed round of financing, led by 1kx, with participation from Circle Ventures, Robot Ventures, Portal VC, and Alliance DAO, Big Brain Holdings, Symbolic, GSR, Polygon Ventures, Daedalus, Matter Labs and Fenbushi participated in the investment.
Octra
OctraOctra is a FHE blockchain network that supports isolated execution environments. They proposed a new type of FHE bootstrapped on Hypergraphs, namely HFHE. According to official documents, HFHE is compatible with any project and can run independently. Most of Octra's code base is developed in languages such as OCaml, AST, ReasonML (a language for smart contracts and applications that interact with the Octra blockchain network), and C++. This approach is relatively new and has limited discussion in academia. The benefits of this solutionSafetySexuality is still unverified and needs to be verified.
Octra introduces a new type of consensus based on machine learning, using participant nodes and support vector machines for load management, selecting confirmation routes based on experience from a series of previous confirmations, validating results and ensuring that it is impossible to interfere with the process.
The Octra lightweight client allows running nodes on Raspberry Pi, PC, server, cloud server or mobile phone. Currently, the verification process of Octra Network is in the testing and debugging stage, and the test network has not yet been launched.
Shibarium
ShibariumShiba Inu is a Layer 2 solution that is developing a new Layer 3 blockchain using fully homomorphic encryption technology from cryptography company Zama. The name of the blockchain has not yet been revealed, TREAT TokenIt is the "utility and governance" of its new privacy-focused Layer3 blockchainToken"The blockchain will be built on the Ethereum Layer2 blockchain Shibarium. It is specially built for blockchain and AI and can be applied to confidential computing in areas such as smart contracts and machine learning.
TREAT 将是 Shiba Inu 生态系统中的最后一个非稳定Token，该生态系统将在今年晚些时候推出一种名为 Shi 的新代币。该生态系统的现有代币包括 memecoin SHIB 、BONE（Shibarium 的治理代币）和 LEASH（由 Shiba Inu 的忠实用户持有的固定供应代币，为他们提供 BONE 奖励）。
In April 2024, Shiba Inu raised $12 million by selling its unissued tokens TREAT to non-US venture investors, with participation from Polygon Ventures, Foresight Ventures, Mechanism Capital, Big Brain Holdings, Shima Capital, Animoca Brands, Morningstar Ventures, Woodstock Fund, DWF Ventures, Stake Capital and Comma 3 Ventures.
Secret Network
Secret NetworkIt is a privacy-preserving public chain and Web3 privacy-preserving computing layer. In its Secret 2.0 plan, the team is developing the TFHE Layer1 network based on Fhenix and developing privacy-preserving Rollups as a supplement.
DePIN
Arcium (formerly Elusiv)
ArciumIt is the DePIN network for parallel confidential computing on Solana. Arcium was founded by Yannik Schrade, Julian Deschler, Nicolas Schapeler and Lukas Steiner. Its predecessor was Elusiv, a zero-knowledge-based compliance privacy protocol. It was rebranded as Arcium on May 8, 2024.
Arcium will first support Solana, which will enable developers and applications such as DeFi, DePIN, and AI to flexibly access trustless, verifiable, and high-performance confidential computing capabilities. Arcium is not a blockchain, and needs to call the DA layer and consensus layer of the underlying blockchain, allowing developers to deploy confidential smart contracts across different blockchains, while also providing non-blockchain users with the ability to configure the blockchain layer trust model according to their needs.
Arcium 网络由两个主要部分组成，分别为 Arx 网络和多方执行环境（MXE）。其中，MXE 结合了 MPC、FHE、ZKP 等，以实现对加密数据的Safety计算。Arx 网络是一个去中心化的节点网络（每个节点称为 Arx），任何人都可以通过运行节点为网络做出贡献。Arcium 已推出激励性私人测试网，并邀请 100 位个人开发者或团队成员参与测试，入选者可运行 MPC 节点或中间层节点，或利用 MXE 构建链上应用。
In November 2022, Elusiv completed a $3.5 million seed round of financing, led by LongHash Ventures and State Stripities Ventures, with participation from Jump Crypto, NGC Ventures, Big Brain Holdings, Anagram, Cogitent Ventures, Equilibrium, Marin Ventures, Token Ventures, Moonrock Capital, Monke Ventures, Solanafm, and others.
In May 2024, Arcium completed a strategic financing of US$5.5 million, led by Greenfield Capital, with participation from Coinbase Ventures, Heartcore Capital, Longhash VC, L2 Iterative Ventures, Stake Facilities, Smape Capital and Everstake, as well as Solana co-founder Anatoly Yakovenko and Monad co-founder Keone Han. Currently, Arcium's total financing has reached US$9 million. This round of financing will be used to provide a trust-minimized and configurable encrypted computing framework for developers and blockchain applications.
Privasea
PrivaseaIt is a DePIN+AI project that integrates fully homomorphic encrypted machine learning (FHEML) into distributed computing networks and also launches a DApp「ImHuman」，确保「人类证明」（PoH）的Safety执行。具体来说，用户在创建 ImHuman 账户后，如果忘记密码将无法恢复，ImHuman 将使用前置摄像头扫描人脸矢量，并直接在手机端进行加密，不会发送至任何服务器，Privasea 也无权访问。加密后的人脸矢量将发送至 Privasea 服务器，并铸造个人专属 NFT，从而完成人类证明，完成 PoH 的用户将收到独家空投。目前，ImHuman 仅在 Google Play 上推出，即将上线 App Store。
Privasea has also built the AI DePIN infrastructure Privasea AI Network, and the test network is now online. By building a decentralized computing network, the test network provides scalable distributed computing resources for FHE AI tasks, which can reduce the risks of centralized data processing. Privasea's FHE solution is supported by Zama's specific machine learning.
In March 2024, Privasea completed a $5 million seed round of financing, with Binance Labs, Gate Labs, MH Ventures, K300, QB Ventures, CryptoTimes and others participating. In April, Privasea completed a new round of strategic financing, with OKX Ventures, Laser Digtal controlled by Nomura Group, and Tanelabs, an incubator with a stake in SoftBank, participating.
Cluster Protocol
Cluster ProtocolIt is a DePIN computational proof protocol that hopes to build a decentralized Github for AI models, using FHE integration to provide secure and consistent rewards for GPU providers, thereby supporting individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises around the world.
In March 2024, Cluster Protocol completed its seed round of financing, with Pivot Ventures and Genesis Capital participating. The specific amount has not been disclosed. Cluster Protocol will also join Pivot's incubation acceleration program.
Mind Network
Mind NetworkIt is an FHE re-staking layer for DePIN and AI, powered by Zama, and aims to realize "HTTPZ" (end-to-end encrypted Internet vision). Its products include MindLayer, an FHE re-staking solution for AI and DePIN networks, MindSAP, an FHE-authorized invisible address protocol, and MindLake, an FHE DataLake built on the FHE validator network through MindLayer. In MindLayer, users can re-stake LST tokens of BTC and ETH to Mind Network, and introduce FHE enhanced validators to ensure end-to-end encryption for the verification and calculation processes of AI and DePIN networks, while introducing a proof-of-intelligence (PoI) consensus mechanism designed specifically for AI machine learning tasks to ensure fair and secure distribution among FHE validators. FHE calculations can also be accelerated by hardware. MindLake is a data storage Rollup designed to perform calculations on-chain encrypted data.
In addition, Mind Network is launching a Rollup chain with AltLayer, EigenDA, and Arbitrum Orbit. The Mind Network testnet is now online.
In June 2023, Mind Network completed a $2.5 million seed round of financing, with participation from Binance Labs, Comma3 Ventures, SevenX Ventures, HashKey Capital, Big Brain Holdings, Arweave SCP Ventures, Mandala Capital, etc. In the same month, Mind Network was selected for Binance Labs' fifth season incubation program, was also selected for the Chainlink BUILD program, and received the Ethereum Foundation Fellowship Grant.
game
zkHoldem
zkHoldemIt is an on-chain Texas Hold’em game powered by ZKP and FHE. It is currently available on Manta Network and will be available on Arbitrum soon.
Framed!
Framed!It is a fully-chain "hitman" (mafia) game, powered by Inco Network and fhEVM, and was selected for the ETHGlobal New York finals in September 2023. Framed!'s official Twitter account has not been updated since December last year, and it is suspected to be no longer in operation.
DeFi
Penumbra
PenumbraIt is a fully private cross-chain PoS network and DEX in the Cosmos ecosystem. Founded in 2021, Penumbra runs a shielded pool that allows shielded transfers, staking, and swaps. It uses threshold homomorphic encryption (TFHE) to perform peer-to-pool shielded swaps. These token swaps are processed as batch transactions. Penumbra aims to integrate all asset transactions in the Cosmos ecosystem into a shielded pool.
In November 2021, Penumbra completed a US$4.75 million seed round of financing, led by Dragonfly Capital, with participation from Interchain Foundation, Lemniscap, Robot Ventures, Volt Capital, Figment, Strangelove Ventures, Informal Systems and ZKValidator.
AI
BasedAI
BasedAIIt is a ZK-LLM decentralized AI project. Similar to Bittsesor, it can integrate FHE with any LLM connected to its network. The deep compression principle of BaseAI Cerberus Squeezing can also improve the operating efficiency of LLM, reduce the amount of calculation, and ensure that data remains encrypted during processing and transmission.ethThe eus testnet is nearly complete and Cyan is about to begin.
BaseAI has issued tokens, but has made it clear that it will not conduct airdrops.
Polyverse AI
Polyverse AIIt is a global AI data engine powered by privacy, Web3 and FHE. It aims to become a "decentralized Google" and solve AI data privacy issues through FHE and ZKP. Its AI data layer can provide support for generative AI, DeAI, DeFi, DePIN, Metaverse, LLM, etc.
Sight AI
Sight AIIt is a decentralized AI reasoning network using FHE, providing a secure, private, and collaborative network for future DeAI reasoning, introducing vFHEML (verifiable FHE machine learning), and using ring SNARG to accelerate proof generation. Considering the difficulty of integrating FHE with ZK-SNARK, Sight AI does not use ZK-SNARK to provide data verifiability, but combines SNARG with FHE to create vFHE, which reduces computational requirements and speeds up proof generation.
The article comes from the Internet:Overview of the FHE track: When will the end of Web3 privacy data come?
This collaboration is in line with the Hong Kong government’s emphasis on Web3 in recent years, and also confirms the joint commitment of OKX and HKUST to accelerate Web3 innovation and support the development of the local Web3 ecosystem.exchangeOKX and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) today announced a first-of-its-kind collaboration to jointly research zero-knowledge…
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