Overview of the FHE track: When will the end of Web3 privacy data come?
Written by Peng Sun, Foresight News
This market is full of contradictions. The privacy track is disappointing, but data privacy as an ideology is full of hope. Privacy is the eternal dream of the crypto world.
Cryptography isBlockchainWhen we first learned about homomorphic encryption (HE), we were still discussing whether ZK could be applied inBlockchainBut now it has reached the stage of how to use ZK and when to use HE.
For many people, cryptography technology is too far away from us, and the professional barriers are too high for retail investors to participate. AI + Crypto’s outbreak, the author noticed that some European and American VCs began to pay attention to the FHE track. Until May 5 this year, Vitalik Buterin re-shared the old article “Exploring Fully Homomorphic Encryption” and said, “Recently, many people are interested in FHE". At the same time, podcasts and FHE competition platforms focusing on FHE have also been born recently.
那么,藏在象牙塔里的 FHE,到底是什么呢?有哪些应用场景?为什么资本如此青睐?今天,Foresight News 对 FHE 赛道 25 个项目做一盘点,它们遍布基础设施、公链、DePIN 网络、AI、游戏、DeFi 等领域。
What is FHE (Fully Homomorphic Encryption)?
Homomorphic encryption (HE) was first proposed in 1978 to solve the problem of processing data without touching the data. However, until 2009, homomorphic encryption technology had made slow progress, with only semi-homomorphic encryption (PHE) for single addition or multiplication operations. In 2009, Craig Gentry published a 200-page paper on the topic. A Fully Homomorphic Encryption SchemeThe first homomorphic operation mechanism that supports any number of additions and multiplications, namely fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), was proposed, achieving a leap in FHE technology.
We say that ZKP is the holy grail of cryptography, but FHE is also the holy grail of cryptography, and its vision is even greater. The difference between ZKP and FHE is that ZKP can prove the authenticity and reliability of data to the other party without revealing the real data. L2 It also plays a very important role in reducing costs.
What FHE wants to do is "computable but invisible". Traditional cryptographic algorithms need to decrypt ciphertext before calculating it, and then calculate the decrypted plaintext, and cannot process ciphertext. But FHE does not need this. It can directly calculate the encrypted data (ciphertext), and its calculation result is consistent with the plaintext calculation result. For example, we put a black box (encryption) on data A. When we send this black box to the recipient, there is no need to take out the black box. The recipient can directly calculate on the black box. No content about data A will be leaked during the calculation process, and the privacy calculation of the data is completely completed.
FHE 的应用场景广阔,不只是 Web3 与区块链,它面向的是整个互联网体系下的任何隐私数据,无论是广告、个性化推荐、AI、游戏、链上交易、MEV 保护、区块空间拍卖、链上投票、反WitchAttack, machine learning, medical, finance, natural language processing, etc. Of course, the reason why FHE has not been applied is that it is more computationally intensive and more complex. Currently, FHE calculations are 4 to 5 orders of magnitude slower than plaintext calculations (10,000 to 100,000 times).
同时,FHE 虽然保护了数据隐私,但不能保证计算真实性,因此可与 ZKP 相结合。过去一些年,ZKP 与 FHE 在技术上难以集成,加之 FHE 对计算的要求极高,FHE 在区块链世界的应用也一直没有展开。不过,这几年 FHE 技术有了很大进展,我们也看到了 ZK 与 FHE 结合的可能,随着硬件加速在 ZKP 领域的应用,DePIN 的出现也给算力网络带来了可能。综合下来看,FHE 的前景与想象空间一点都不输 ZKP。
Acceleration Hardware
Because the number of polynomials in the FHE calculation process is too large, and the CPU obviously cannot handle this process efficiently, we still need GPU, FPGA, and ASIC for hardware acceleration. Lattica AI has tested the GPU acceleration and CUDA implementation of the FHE solution. If the GPU can also achieve this, then FHE acceleration will be completely decentralized. But in any case, FPGA and ASIC are the final choices for acceleration.
Ingonyama
When it comes to ZKP, FHE and hardware acceleration, we can never do without the strongest players in this field. IngonyamaThis is a semiconductor company, which was founded by the 8200 elite unit of the IDF intelligence unit.Xiaobai NavigationShlomovits, a British Army graduate and serial entrepreneur, founded the company in 2022. The company's first chip is a programmable parallel computing processor similar to a GPU, but designed to accelerate advanced cryptography, especiallyZero knowledge proofAlthough Ingonyama is currently focusing on ZKP, ZKP and FHE share some computational similarities, so it is not surprising that Ingonyama will accelerate FHE in the future.
Recently, ZKP hardware acceleration company Accseal and Ingonyama have reached a strategic partnership, and their products Leo and ICICLE v3 will be integrated. Accseal has previously developed ZK ASIC chips, and its cooperation with Ingonyama will significantly reduce the computing power cost of users and improve computing performance.
In November 2023, Ingonyama completed a $20 million seed round of financing, led by Walden Catalyst, with participation from Geometry, BlueYard Capital, Samsung Next, Sentinel Global and StarkWare. In January 2024, Ingonyama completed a $21 million seed round of financing, led by IOSG Ventures, Geometry and Walden Catalyst Ventures.
Cysic
CysicIt is a hardware acceleration company, currently positioned as a real-time ZK proof generation and verification layer, providing ZK Compute as a Service (ZK-CaaS) based on self-developed ASIC, FPGA, and GPU chips. Cysic has developed its own FPGA hardware and will launch ZK DePIN chips/devices ZK Air and ZK Pro to build the DePIN network Prover Network.
According to Cysic co-founder Leo Fan, ZK and FHE have many common modules, and much of Cysic's current work can be reused in the FHE field. At the same time, Leo has also contributed some content to the FHE research written by Taiko and HashKey Capital, and has published a paper on FHE. It is conceivable that Cysic will also become an FHE hardware accelerator in the future.
In February 2023, Cysic completed a $6 million seed round of financing, led by Polychain Capital, with participation from HashKey, SNZ Holding, ABCDE, A&T Capital and Web3.com Foundation.
* Recommended reading:When ZKP meets DePIN, how does Cysic bring PoW back to Ethereum?》
Chain Reaction
Chain ReactionIt is a blockchain chip startup that began mass production of its blockchain chip Electrum in the first quarter of this year. The chip is designed to quickly and efficiently perform blockchain operations called "hashing" and can also be used for mining digital currencies such as Bitcoin. In addition, it plans to launch an FHE chip by the end of 2024, allowing users to process data while encrypting it.
In February 2023, Chain Reaction completed a US$70 million financing round led by Morgan Creek Digital. The funds will be used to expand its engineering team, and the total financing amount has reached US$115 million.
Optalysys
OptalysysIt is a dedicated hardware acceleration platform for FHE. It is building hardware that can realize FHE on a large scale through optical computing. It has launched an accelerator program, including simulators, software and hardware. Optalysys provides acceleration for all confidential computing solutions for intensive calculations common to all FHE schemes. Optalysys' current product is the hybrid photonic chip Optalysys Etile, which combines digital interfaces with silicon photonic technology and integrates with traditional digital electronic devices in multi-chip modules. The core is the photonic circuit.
infrastructure
Zama
ZamaZama is an open source cryptography company that builds FHE solutions for blockchain and AI. Zama was co-founded in early 2020 by Hindi and Pascal Paillier, a well-known cryptographer and one of the inventors of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) technology.
As a service provider, Zama provides FHE solutions for Web3 projects, such as TFHE-re library, TFHE compiler Concrete, privacy-preserving machine learning Concrete ML, confidential intelligencecontract fhEVM. Zama focuses on TFHE (Threshold Homomorphic Encryption). Its TFHE-re is a pure Rust implementation for Boolean and integer calculations on encrypted data. Developers and researchers can have fine-grained control over TFHE to focus on advanced functions. fhEVM can integrate TFHE-re into EVM and use homomorphic operations as precompiledcontract公开,使开发者能够在合约中使用加密数据,无需对编译工具进行任何修改。
On March 7, 2024, Zama completed a US$73 million Series A financing round, led by Multicoin Capital and Protocol Labs, with participation from Metaplanet, Blockchange Ventures, Vsquared Ventures, Stake Capital, Filecoin founder Juan Benet, Solana co-founder Anatoly Yakovenko, and Ethereum co-founder and Polkadot co-founder Gavin Wood. The funds raised will be used to continue research and development of its FHE tools.
PADO
PADOIt is a decentralized computing network based on zkFHE. The ultimate goal is to develop a multifunctional zkFHE algorithm that can support ML applications and even more extensive VM functions. The application scenarios are more extensive. In the future, any computing power can be connected to the network as a node and provide services. Currently, PADO Labs is building the PADO extension, PADO developer toolkit and node SDK basic components. The PADO extension is a one-stop portal where users can generate data proofs for various platforms.
PADO 在技术上最重要的实现是将 zk-SNARK 与 FHE 结合,确保隐私数据计算的真实性与可验证性。同时,PADA 还将 MPC、IZK(交互式零知识证明)与 zkFHE 结合。按照 PADO 技术路线图,其在短期内的主要重点是增强 (F)HE 方案的特定功能,为支持 zkFHE 的应用推出定制化产品。目前主要工作也是优先优化 FHE 算法,并集成 ZK 组件以确保可验证性。PADO 的早期 HE 方案支持线性运算,可将证明密文与加法同态运算的 ZK 证明时间缩短至 0.7 秒左右,未来还可缩减至 0.1 秒以下。相较于 Zama 的方案,PADO 可在同态比较运算上的计算时间减少一半。PADO 还将扩展对更大明文空间的支持,譬如 u8/u16/u32,相较 Zama 可提高至少 2 倍性能。而通用 zkFHE 性能在借助 Zama 的情况下也能够提升 3 至 5 倍。在开发语言上,PADO 也支持 Python、Rust 等常用语言。
Specifically at the application level, PADO's current main focus is on scenarios related to data sharing within the AO and Arweave ecosystems. In April this year, PADO and AO jointly launched Verifiable Confidential Computing VCC, which will be built on AO. PADO will gradually build decentralized computer units based on AO and will use the Arweave blockchain as a privacy data storage layer. Users can encrypt their own data through PADO's zkFHE technology andSafetyThe AO computing unit will send the computing task to the zkFHE computing node. After these computing nodes retrieve the user's ciphertext data on Arweave, they will complete the corresponding fully homomorphic computing and computing integrity proof according to the requirements of the computing request.
In 2023, PADO completed a US$3 million seed round of financing.
Sunscreen
Sunscreenis a privacy startup that aims to enable engineers to use cryptographic technologies such as FHE so that they can easily build and deploy private applications. Sunscreen has open-sourced its own FHE compiler, a Web3 native compiler that converts ordinary Rust functions into privacy-enabled FHE equivalents, providing some of the best performance for arithmetic operations (such as DeFi) without the need for hardware acceleration. The FHE compiler also supports the BFV FHE scheme. Sunscreen is also building a ZKP compiler compatible with the FHE compiler, which combines with FHE to ensure computational integrity, but currently proves that homomorphic operations are generally slow. At the same time, Sunscreen is also looking for a decentralized storage system for storing FHE ciphertexts.
In terms of the specific roadmap planning, Sunscreen will first support private transactions in the test network, then support predetermined private programs, and finally allow developers to use its FHE and ZKP compilers to write arbitrary private programs.
In July 2022, the privacy startup Sunscreen completed a $4.65 million seed round of financing, led by Polychain Capital, with participation from Northzone, Coinbase Ventures, dao5, and individual investors including Naval Ravikan and Entropy founder Tux Pacific. Sunscreen was founded by Ravital Solomon and MacLane Wilkison, co-founder of the privacy network NuCypher, to facilitate engineers to build applications based on fully homomorphic encryption. Previously, Sunscreen received $570,000 in Pre-Seed rounds of financing.
SherLOCKED
SherLOCKEDIt is an EVM blockchain privacy support infrastructure based on FHE. Developers can use it to write custom smart contracts that can operate on encrypted data on the blockchain. Simply put, it can encrypt public transaction data on the chain, and no one can view it because the data on the blockchain will appear in encrypted form.
There is such a formula: ZK + MPC + FHE = SherLOCKED, which specifically consists of three components, including SherLOCKED SDK, node network, and zkVM computing infrastructure. When a user sends a transaction to a smart contract, before calling the on-chain function, the node network first uses MPC to encrypt the data and passes the encrypted data to the SDK. Secondly, the SDK calls the smart contract function with the encrypted data as a parameter, and the smart contract operates on the encrypted data (ciphertext). Third, the calculation of encrypted data consumes a lot of Gas, so SherLOCKED outsources it to the zkVM-based RISC Zero proof computer (Bonsai), which performs the calculation and provides ZK proof. Finally, the proof is verified by the on-chain relay and verifier. SherLOCKED can be deployed on any EVM network.
SherLOCKED was built by Rize Labs co-founder Nitanshu when he participated in the ETHOnline hackathon held by ETHGlobal in October 2023 and was shortlisted for the finals. Currently, SherLOCKED's code base on GitHub has not been updated for 7 months.
Fair Math
Fair MathIt is an open source andCommunityIn April 2024, Fair Math released the "Collaborative FHE-(E)VM Manifesto", attempting to design FHE-(E)VM in a modular way, which allows different versions of FHE-(E)VM to coexist at the same time, using the specification version as a standard reference for developing applications that support FHE.
The declaration also proposes to build a FHERMA competition platform, an FHE challenge platform developed in cooperation with OpenFHE, dedicated to educating and inspiring the development of FHE through uniquely structured competitions. According to its plan, the platform will launch more than 25 FHE challenges in 2024. Poly Circuit is an application-layer FHE component library built through the FHERMA competition. Once the winner of the challenge is determined, its solution will be added to the repository through PR. OpenFHE-rs is a joint project of Fair Math and OpenFHE. It is the most comprehensive FHE Rust library in its FHE component library and can be used by Rust developers.
In February 2024, Fair Math completed a $1.4 million pre-seed round of financing, led by gumi Cryptos Capital, Inception Capital, and Polymorphic Capital, to promote the adoption of FHE.
AntChain
AntChain TrustBase是基于蚂蚁链的开源技术体系,包括广域网共识算法,零知识证明、全同态加密等。
Public chain
Fhenix
Fhenix是一个由 FHE Rollups 与 FHE Coprocessors 提供支持的以太坊 L2,完全兼容 EVM,对 Solidity 提供全面支持,可以运行基于 FHE 的具有链上保密计算的智能合约。Fhenix 不使用 zkFHE,采用的是 Optimistic Rollup 而非 ZK Rollup,其使用 Zama 的 FHE,通过 fhEVM 提供链上保密性,并专注于 TFHE(Threshold FHE)。
2024 年 4 月 2 日,Fhenix 宣布将与 EigenLayer 合作开发 FHE 协处理器,希望将 FHE 引入智能合约。所谓「FHE 协处理器」,其工作重点是无需先解密信息即可对加密数据进行计算,无需在以太坊、L2 或 L3 上处理 FHE 计算任务,而是由指定的处理器处理。FHE 协处理器将受到 Fhenix 的 FHE Rollup 和 EigenLayer 质押机制的保护。按照路线图,Fhenix 计划于 2025 年 1 月上线主网。
In September 2023, Fhenix completed a $7 million seed round of financing, led by Sora Ventures, Multicoin Capital and Collider Ventures, with participation from Node Capital, Bankless, HackVC, TaneLabs and Metaplanet. In early 2024, Fhenix will release a public testnet and support ecosystem application development.
Inco
Inco NetworkIt is a Web3 universal privacy protection layer and modular confidential computing L1 blockchain, providing privacy protection for on-chain applications. It combines Ethereum EVM with FHE and is protected by Ethereum through EigenLayer, allowing programs to operate and calculate encrypted data without decryption, without the use of TEE, circuits, off-chain storage or coprocessors, everything is done on the chain with on-chain native randomness. Inco also launched the Gentry testnet to solve the privacy protection problem of Web3. Inco can support applications such as games, DeFi (including dark pools, private lending and blind auctions, etc.), enterprise solutions (such as confidential stablecoins, private RWA and private voting, etc.).
In April 2024, Inco and EigenLayer verification service project Ethos will not only share the economicSafety, on Ethereum DApp Inco’s confidential computing is also available; Inco is also working with the modular interoperability protocol Hyperlane to extend private data storage and computing to the modular blockchain ecosystem.
Inco has established a strategic partnership with Zama in protocol development, and its fhEVM also adopts Zama's TFHE solution. Inco's fhEVM is compatible with Ethereum toolsets (Remix, Hardhat, Metamask, etc.) and Solidity language. Other advisors to Inco include Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal and Canonical GP and Lightspeed Ventures investment partner Anand Iyer.
In February 2024, Inco Network completed a $4.5 million seed round of financing, led by 1kx, with participation from Circle Ventures, Robot Ventures, Portal VC, and Alliance DAO, Big Brain Holdings, Symbolic, GSR, Polygon Ventures, Daedalus, Matter Labs and Fenbushi participated in the investment.
Octra
OctraOctra is a FHE blockchain network that supports isolated execution environments. They proposed a new type of FHE bootstrapped on Hypergraphs, namely HFHE. According to official documents, HFHE is compatible with any project and can run independently. Most of Octra's code base is developed in languages such as OCaml, AST, ReasonML (a language for smart contracts and applications that interact with the Octra blockchain network), and C++. This approach is relatively new and has limited discussion in academia. The benefits of this solutionSafetySexuality is still unverified and needs to be verified.
Octra introduces a new type of consensus based on machine learning, using participant nodes and support vector machines for load management, selecting confirmation routes based on experience from a series of previous confirmations, validating results and ensuring that it is impossible to interfere with the process.
The Octra lightweight client allows running nodes on Raspberry Pi, PC, server, cloud server or mobile phone. Currently, the verification process of Octra Network is in the testing and debugging stage, and the test network has not yet been launched.
Shibarium
ShibariumShiba Inu is a Layer 2 solution that is developing a new Layer 3 blockchain using fully homomorphic encryption technology from cryptography company Zama. The name of the blockchain has not yet been revealed, TREAT TokenIt is the "utility and governance" of its new privacy-focused Layer3 blockchainToken"The blockchain will be built on the Ethereum Layer2 blockchain Shibarium. It is specially built for blockchain and AI and can be applied to confidential computing in areas such as smart contracts and machine learning.
TREAT will be the last non-stable token in the Shiba Inu ecosystem, which will launch a new token called Shi later this year. Existing tokens in the ecosystem include memecoin SHIB, BONE (Shibarium’s governance token), and LEASH (a fixed supply token held by Shiba Inu’s loyal users, providing them with BONE rewards).
In April 2024, Shiba Inu raised $12 million by selling its unissued tokens TREAT to non-US venture investors, with participation from Polygon Ventures, Foresight Ventures, Mechanism Capital, Big Brain Holdings, Shima Capital, Animoca Brands, Morningstar Ventures, Woodstock Fund, DWF Ventures, Stake Capital and Comma 3 Ventures.
Secret Network
Secret NetworkIt is a privacy-preserving public chain and Web3 privacy-preserving computing layer. In its Secret 2.0 plan, the team is developing the TFHE Layer1 network based on Fhenix and developing privacy-preserving Rollups as a supplement.
DePIN
Arcium (formerly Elusiv)
ArciumIt is the DePIN network for parallel confidential computing on Solana. Arcium was founded by Yannik Schrade, Julian Deschler, Nicolas Schapeler and Lukas Steiner. Its predecessor was Elusiv, a zero-knowledge-based compliance privacy protocol. It was rebranded as Arcium on May 8, 2024.
Arcium will first support Solana, which will enable developers and applications such as DeFi, DePIN, and AI to flexibly access trustless, verifiable, and high-performance confidential computing capabilities. Arcium is not a blockchain, and needs to call the DA layer and consensus layer of the underlying blockchain, allowing developers to deploy confidential smart contracts across different blockchains, while also providing non-blockchain users with the ability to configure the blockchain layer trust model according to their needs.
Arcium 网络由两个主要部分组成,分别为 Arx 网络和多方执行环境(MXE)。其中,MXE 结合了 MPC、FHE、ZKP 等,以实现对加密数据的Safety计算。Arx 网络是一个去中心化的节点网络(每个节点称为 Arx),任何人都可以通过运行节点为网络做出贡献。Arcium 已推出激励性私人测试网,并邀请 100 位个人开发者或团队成员参与测试,入选者可运行 MPC 节点或中间层节点,或利用 MXE 构建链上应用。
In November 2022, Elusiv completed a $3.5 million seed round of financing, led by LongHash Ventures and State Stripities Ventures, with participation from Jump Crypto, NGC Ventures, Big Brain Holdings, Anagram, Cogitent Ventures, Equilibrium, Marin Ventures, Token Ventures, Moonrock Capital, Monke Ventures, Solanafm, and others.
In May 2024, Arcium completed a strategic financing of US$5.5 million, led by Greenfield Capital, with participation from Coinbase Ventures, Heartcore Capital, Longhash VC, L2 Iterative Ventures, Stake Facilities, Smape Capital and Everstake, as well as Solana co-founder Anatoly Yakovenko and Monad co-founder Keone Han. Currently, Arcium's total financing has reached US$9 million. This round of financing will be used to provide a trust-minimized and configurable encrypted computing framework for developers and blockchain applications.
Privasea
Privasea是一个 DePIN+AI 项目,将其将全同态加密机器学习 (FHEML) 集成到分布式计算网络中,还推出利用 FHE 技术的 DApp「ImHuman」,确保「人类证明」(PoH)的安全执行。具体来说,用户在创建 ImHuman 账户后,如果忘记密码将无法恢复,ImHuman 将使用前置摄像头扫描人脸矢量,并直接在手机端进行加密,不会发送至任何服务器,Privasea 也无权访问。加密后的人脸矢量将发送至 Privasea 服务器,并铸造个人专属 NFT,从而完成人类证明,完成 PoH 的用户将收到独家空投。目前,ImHuman 仅在 Google Play 上推出,即将上线 App Store。
Privasea has also built the AI DePIN infrastructure Privasea AI Network, and the test network is now online. By building a decentralized computing network, the test network provides scalable distributed computing resources for FHE AI tasks, which can reduce the risks of centralized data processing. Privasea's FHE solution is supported by Zama's specific machine learning.
In March 2024, Privasea completed a $5 million seed round of financing, with Binance Labs, Gate Labs, MH Ventures, K300, QB Ventures, CryptoTimes and others participating. In April, Privasea completed a new round of strategic financing, with OKX Ventures, Laser Digtal controlled by Nomura Group, and Tanelabs, an incubator with a stake in SoftBank, participating.
Cluster Protocol
Cluster ProtocolIt is a DePIN computational proof protocol that hopes to build a decentralized Github for AI models, using FHE integration to provide secure and consistent rewards for GPU providers, thereby supporting individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises around the world.
In March 2024, Cluster Protocol completed its seed round of financing, with Pivot Ventures and Genesis Capital participating. The specific amount has not been disclosed. Cluster Protocol will also join Pivot's incubation acceleration program.
Mind Network
Mind NetworkIt is an FHE re-staking layer for DePIN and AI, powered by Zama, and aims to realize "HTTPZ" (end-to-end encrypted Internet vision). Its products include MindLayer, an FHE re-staking solution for AI and DePIN networks, MindSAP, an FHE-authorized invisible address protocol, and MindLake, an FHE DataLake built on the FHE validator network through MindLayer. In MindLayer, users can re-stake LST tokens of BTC and ETH to Mind Network, and introduce FHE enhanced validators to ensure end-to-end encryption for the verification and calculation processes of AI and DePIN networks, while introducing a proof-of-intelligence (PoI) consensus mechanism designed specifically for AI machine learning tasks to ensure fair and secure distribution among FHE validators. FHE calculations can also be accelerated by hardware. MindLake is a data storage Rollup designed to perform calculations on-chain encrypted data.
In addition, Mind Network is launching a Rollup chain with AltLayer, EigenDA, and Arbitrum Orbit. The Mind Network testnet is now online.
In June 2023, Mind Network completed a $2.5 million seed round of financing, with participation from Binance Labs, Comma3 Ventures, SevenX Ventures, HashKey Capital, Big Brain Holdings, Arweave SCP Ventures, Mandala Capital, etc. In the same month, Mind Network was selected for Binance Labs' fifth season incubation program, was also selected for the Chainlink BUILD program, and received the Ethereum Foundation Fellowship Grant.
game
zkHoldem
zkHoldemIt is an on-chain Texas Hold’em game powered by ZKP and FHE. It is currently available on Manta Network and will be available on Arbitrum soon.
Framed!
Framed!It is a fully-chain "hitman" (mafia) game, powered by Inco Network and fhEVM, and was selected for the ETHGlobal New York finals in September 2023. Framed!'s official Twitter account has not been updated since December last year, and it is suspected to be no longer in operation.
DeFi
Penumbra
PenumbraIt is a fully private cross-chain PoS network and DEX in the Cosmos ecosystem. Founded in 2021, Penumbra runs a shielded pool that allows shielded transfers, staking, and swaps. It uses threshold homomorphic encryption (TFHE) to perform peer-to-pool shielded swaps. These token swaps are processed as batch transactions. Penumbra aims to integrate all asset transactions in the Cosmos ecosystem into a shielded pool.
In November 2021, Penumbra completed a US$4.75 million seed round of financing, led by Dragonfly Capital, with participation from Interchain Foundation, Lemniscap, Robot Ventures, Volt Capital, Figment, Strangelove Ventures, Informal Systems and ZKValidator.
AI
BasedAI
BasedAI是一个 ZK-LLM 的去中心化 AI 项目,与 Bittsesor 类似,能够将 FHE 与连接到其网络的任何 LLM 集成,BaseAI Cerberus Squeezing 的深度压缩原理也能够提高 LLM 的运行效率,减少计算量,确保数据在处理与传输过程中保持加密。目前,BasedAI Prometheus 测试网已接近完成,Cyan 即将开始。
BaseAI has issued tokens, but has made it clear that it will not conduct airdrops.
Polyverse AI
Polyverse AIIt is a global AI data engine powered by privacy, Web3 and FHE. It aims to become a "decentralized Google" and solve AI data privacy issues through FHE and ZKP. Its AI data layer can provide support for generative AI, DeAI, DeFi, DePIN, Metaverse, LLM, etc.
Sight AI
Sight AIIt is a decentralized AI reasoning network using FHE, providing a secure, private, and collaborative network for future DeAI reasoning, introducing vFHEML (verifiable FHE machine learning), and using ring SNARG to accelerate proof generation. Considering the difficulty of integrating FHE with ZK-SNARK, Sight AI does not use ZK-SNARK to provide data verifiability, but combines SNARG with FHE to create vFHE, which reduces computational requirements and speeds up proof generation.
The article comes from the Internet:Overview of the FHE track: When will the end of Web3 privacy data come?
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