Ethereum is pushing the limits of cryptography

撰文：0x_Todd

Today, Vitalik made a low-key appearance at the Wanxiang Hasheky Hong Kong Summit. V God's speech was really clear and without red tape. He started with $ETH dry goods, and talked about it in a straightforward manner. Combining this speech, let me talk about my understanding.

所有的Blockchain，都根植于密码学之上，可以说密码学是真正的底层。而且近些年来，密码学的理论前沿一直在发展。而以太坊 $ETH 现在的目标，就是能把密码学的理论转换为工程实践。

Friends who have done development know that the more cutting-edge something is in academia, the more challenging it is to use it directly in industry, and cryptography is no exception.

The cryptographic frontiers that Ethereum is most concerned about now are:

• ZK-SNARKs

• 2PC, MPC, FHE

• Aggregate Signature

• Improving P2P Networks

比如聚合签名，其实比特币已经在 Xiaobai NavigationSchnorr 升级做过类似升级。而以太坊倾向的 BLS 聚合签名升级和 Schnorr 各有千秋，也能做到让多个签名聚合成一个签名这件事变得非常丝滑。

A cryptographic achievement can actually be transformed into:

• letBlockchain变得更加隐私（多人共签有利于保护隐私）

• Save gas fees (co-signature takes up less space)

• The requirements for equipment are further reduced (easy to verify)

At the same time, Vitalik also mentioned the two elements of "academic theory → technical practice".

First of all, efficiency

For example, a very practical problem is that the blocks of the Ethereum main network are at an interval of 12 seconds, but it takes at least 20 minutes to do ZK-SNARKs Proof.

如果能够有轻量级的 ZK Proof 解决方案，每一个区块都能完全 ZK 化，那么以太坊就会非常隐私、Safety和抗审查，甚至能更快。

其次是，Safety

As long as we are human, we will make mistakes.

No one can guarantee that there are no bugs in their code.

现在，Debug 靠肉眼，比如「Safety委员会」

But in the future, maybe we can rely on multi-provers, through some

更远的将来，甚至可以靠 AI

在兼具的Safety和效率的前提下，吸纳更多的密码学成果，以太坊的目标直指密码学的上限。

I was very excited after listening to it. It is the truly cutting-edge technology that drives the development of ETH and all other blockchains.

Now, all the public chains ranked behind ETH are desperately comparing themselves with Ethereum, and are trying to find answers from this competitor, Ethereum.

Ethereum, however, found the answer in cryptography. This is the real difference between first-rate public chains and second-rate public chains.

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