LayerZero V2 is officially unveiled. What are the updates in the new version?
Compiled by: Babywhale, Techub News
Yesterday evening, Beijing time, LayerZero released a V2 version update and stated that it would deploy the V2 version "endpoints" on more than 40 chains supported by the V1 version. LayerZero wrote in a blog introducing the V2 version:
LayerZero enables developers to create and configure unified applications,Tokenand data primitives without being restricted by chains. Like TCP/IP standardizing Internet development, LayerZero's goal is to standardize the development of all on-chain applications. This unified cross-chain development concept is summarized as "omnichain (full chain)", which is also what LayerZero believes incryptocurrencyOutlook for the future.
LayerZero is a tool designed to connectBlockchainagreement, while adhering to the following basic principles:
No permissions: Anyone can run the infrastructure required to validate and execute messages. Anyone can build on and interact with LayerZero.
Censorship Resistance: No message can be executed until all previous messages have been verified, meaning that no message can be censored in any way.
Immutable: every endpoint on the chain is intelligentlycontractform exists. New validation libraries can be added as add-on updates only. These libraries are not upgradeable and will be permanent.
Prior to this, LayerZero has been criticized for centralization issues. How has the latest V2 version been optimized to address this common question in the market?
What is LayerZero V2
LayerZero is a message transfer protocol, notBlockchain. LayerZero leverages intelligence deployed on every chaincontract, combined with the decentralized verification network (DVN) and the executor (Executor), to make differentBlockchaincan interact with each other.
In LayerZero V2, message verification and execution are divided into two different phases, providing developers with more control over applicationSafetyMore control over configuration and independent execution. Combined with improved processing, message throughput, programmability and other targetedcontractWith improvements, LayerZero V2 provides a more flexible, performant, and future-proof messaging protocol.
newSafetyand execution methods
LayerZero V2 provides direct improvements to existing applications deployed on Endpoint V1, while also providing new features that enhance the creativity and scalability of full-chain applications deployed on the new Endpoint V2. Applications deployed on Endpoint V1 can gain access by migrating their application's message library to Ultra Light Node 301SafetyTwo major improvements in performance and execution. See the Migration Guide for more information.
"X of Y of N" message verification
The new Ultra Light Node 301 (V1) and Ultra Light Node 302 (V2) allow application owners to configure a custom security stack and select a different set of DVNs to verify payload hashes on the destination MessageLib. A subset (X) of all these DVNs must verify the payload hash, and a threshold (Y) of an optional set of DVNs (N) must also verify the same payload hash before the packet can be delivered. OApp owners can now leverage multiple authentication models to achieve the required security and cost-efficiency based on their application needs. You can select the following DVNs at launch or establish a DVN without permission:
LayerZero Labs (default): Default DVN maintained by LayerZero Labs.
Google Cloud (default): Default DVN powered by Google Cloud.
Nethermind: A resilient DVN hosted by Nethermind that enables businesses and developers around the world to access and develop on decentralized networks.
Delegate: DVN maintained by Delegate, the development team behind trusted on-chain security tools used by projects such as Azuki, BAYC, Squiggles, and RTFKT.
Tapioca: Pearlnet is for TapiocaDAO The ecologically established DVN enables OApp to control its own modular verification network.
Animoca：由游戏化和Blockchain领域的领导者 Animoca Brands 维护的 DVN。
Blockdaemon: DVN maintained by Blockdaemon, utilizing the team's unique monitoring and alerting system to ensure optimal uptime. Blockdaemon's infrastructure ensures institutional-grade security and is ISO27001 certified.
Gitcoin: DVN operated by Gitcoin, the Ethereum-native public product development team.
Polyhedra zkLightClient: Using Polyhedra's zkBridge, message data can be retrieved and validated so that it can be used by application developersZero knowledge proofto protect messaging.
P2P: DVN powered by P2P.org, a PoS validator and RPC node provider that has been in operation since 2018.
Obol: DVN maintained by Obol, the team driving the development and adoption of composable, Ethereum-consistent distributed validator middleware through the Obol network.
StableLab: DVN operated by StableLab, a professional licensing, governance framework design and DAO A leader in product development.
Axelar DVN Adapter: Connect the DVN adapter to Axelar for authentication.
CCIP DVN Adapter: A DVN adapter that uses CCIP for message authentication.
Independent message execution
In LayerZero V1, the relay handles both message validation and execution:
Oracle: handles the verification of message block headers.
Repeater: handles the verification of tx-proofs and the execution of messages.
In LayerZero V2, validation of messages is now handled by the security stack, while execution is performed by the executor:
Security stack: Your application’s selected (X of Y of N) DVN.
Executor (optional): The application's selected automatic caller for receiving messages.
For new applications deployed on Endpoint V2, this caller is completely permissionless.
new agreement contract
In addition to the new message library, LayerZero V2 also includes improvements to the core protocol architecture.
Developers can deploy applications using the Endpoint V2 contract standard to gain advantages such as higher message throughput, better programmability, and simpler contracts.
Optimize message processing
Because the V2 protocol separates message verification and execution, message nonces can now be executed out of order while still remaining censorship resistant:
Verified: The nonce of the message package has been successfully verified and is waiting for execution.
Delivered: The message was successfully executed and received by the destination application.
In V1, by default, if a sent message fails to execute at the destination, the associated path will be blocked by a "storedPayload" event, temporarily halting the execution of all subsequent messages.
Now by default, subsequent message flow continues to be delivered and executed even if the previous message failed to execute.
Ordered execution can still be enabled at the application level by configuring Ordered Message Delivery.
Higher information throughput
This Unordered Message Delivery provides the highest possible message delivery by improving on-chain nonce tracking using Lazy Inbound Nonce and Inbound Nonce as a guideline on where to attempt to execute the message.Xiaobai NavigationThroughput (i.e. the chain itself).
Lazy Inbound Nonce: The information nonce with the highest execution rate in the system.
Inbound Nonce: The latest verified message nonce, all previous nonces have also been verified.
Because nonces must be verified before they can be executed, this system enables LayerZero V2 to verify and losslessly execute out-of-order packets, streamlining the information execution process without compromising censorship resistance.
Improved programmability
LayerZero V2 also significantly improves programmability in several areas:
Simplified protocol contract interface: The improved contract interface in LayerZero V2 simplifies message routing and processing, reducing the complexity of sending and receiving messages through the protocol. Developers can work more confidently and efficiently.
Path-specific libraries: Path-specific libraries in Endpoint V2 enable developers to configure different MessageLibs for specific paths (from source to destination), providing greater flexibility and customization for applications.
Horizontal composability: The new sendCompose and lzCompose interfaces convert external calls into new message packages, allowing applications to maintain a clear separation between the logic that handles message reception (lzReceive) and the logic of the external call itself (lzCompose) . This ensures that each step is executed correctly and independently of other steps, allowing for strong cross-chain interaction.
Simplified contracts
LayerZero V2 introduces several improvements to improve gas efficiency when developers and users interact with LayerZero contracts. These improvements include:
Optimized base contracts: All LayerZero contract standards have been restructured to reduce the gas cost of the base contracts.
Compiler efficiency: Improvements to contracts can better optimize the compiler, thereby reducing the Gas cost of deployment and execution.
Chain compatibility
V2 还大大提高了链的兼容性，进一步增强了开发人员在更广泛的Blockchain上开发多功能、高效的全链应用的能力。
"Chain-agnostic" design: This protocol defines the isolation between composition contract calls (compositionSend is used to store data, lzCompose is used to compose contracts). This enables developers to build more unified application designs on blockchains with different environmental assumptions (such as lack of runtime scheduling). This is important to achieve broad compatibility with non-EVM chains and to unify the OApp interface on each chain.
Improved Gas payment options: During deployment, endpoints can now specify alternative Gas on a given chain Token. This flexibility applies to blockchains that may have unique gas mechanisms or charging models.
Specific library defaults: Endpoints now supports using different default libraries per chain pathway. This feature enables leaner and more efficient message processing based on the specific characteristics and unique requirements of each chain pair.
These improvements provide a closer-to-chain approach to message processing, helping OApp developers design a single application architecture that can be unified across EVM and non-EVM chains.
Consistent safety standards
Application-Level Control: While application contracts can choose from predefined default settings, LayerZero gives you the option to configure your application's settings for each path, providing unparalleled flexibility and security.
Immutable core contracts: LayerZero only uses immutable core contracts. This provides developers with a connection that they can interact with in a long-term stable and predictable manner, ensuring that security and reliability are not affected by external updates.
Backward compatibility: LayerZero’s on-chain message library is immutable and will never be removed or deprecated. LayerZero is always backwards compatible with previous MessageLib versions.
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